It is solved. All three robots are now cooperating again.
The two problems were in fact unrelated. The persistent info message "429 SP Client - waiting for KCP information from SP Host 192.0.10.2" was due to the real-time network cable from the robot to the switch which links all three robots together was not plugged in properly. The odd thing was that it was still possible to ping 192.0.10.2 from 192.0.10.4, but the reply took ~150ms. I'm guessing that Windows somehow re-routed the ping via the other (Windows) network to satisfy the request. The 429 error message was a bit misleading however.
The "access denied" error from the OPC client trying to find the OPC server on Robot 3 was a wrong permission in the R3 DCOM configurator, which showed up after a complete power down followed by a cold reboot. All three robot OPC servers are now equally accessible.